1 fish meal overview
Fish meal is a high-protein feed that is degreased, dehydrated, and pulverized with one or more fish or fish wastes (fish heads, fish tails, fins, internal organs, etc.). At the beginning of the 21st century, the world's total output was about 7 million tons. The countries with the most production were Chile, Peru, Japan, the United States, etc. At the same time, Norway, Denmark, South Africa, Iceland and Thailand were also major fishmeal producers. Among them, Chile and Peru have the highest output, with the highest annual output of more than 1.3 million tons (1989) and more than 1.2 million tons (1990), and their exports account for about 70% of the total trade. China's fishmeal industry started late, with an annual output of more than 100,000 tons, and is concentrated in coastal provinces such as Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian. The use of fishmeal in China is relatively high. The annual usage is nearly 1 million tons, and the annual import is about 800,000 tons. The imported fishmeal is mostly from Peru.
2 Classification of fishmeal
There are three main methods for classification of fishmeal: 1 According to the source, it is divided into: domestic fishmeal and imported fishmeal (Peruvian fishmeal, Chilean fishmeal, South African fishmeal, etc.). This classification method is relatively rough and does not reflect the quality of fishmeal; 2 according to the fish pink color: white fish meal and red fish meal. White fish meal is mainly made from squid; red fish meal is mainly made up of sardines, clams and saury. 3 According to the raw material parts and composition, it can be whole fishmeal (fishmeal made from whole fish), fortified fishmeal (whole fishmeal + fish paste), coarse fishmeal (fish gizzard, fish processing residue as raw material), adjustment Fishmeal (whole fishmeal + coarse fishmeal), mixed fishmeal (adjusted fishmeal + meat and bone meal or feather meal), fishmeal powder (fish paste + adsorbent) 6 kinds. The above classification methods vary from country to country. There is no standard in China's feed industry, and many methods are used.
3 fishmeal processing technology
At present, fishmeal processing is carried out according to the amount of fish fat at home and abroad, and it is divided into two processing technologies: “high fat fish†and “low fat fishâ€.
3.1 Processing Process of High- fat Fish The processing technology of high-fat fish is a process of degreasing and then drying the fish with higher fat content. First, heating with steamed or dry hot air causes the fish body tissue protein to be thermally denatured and solidified, thereby promoting the separation and dissolution of body fat. The solids are then subjected to a screw press process to dry the solids into fishmeal. The drying method is divided into dry hot air and steam method. The temperature of the dry hot air varies from 100 to 400 °C depending on the form of the heat source; the steam method is indirect heating, and the drying speed is slow, but the quality of the fish meal is good. The whole fish is subjected to oil removal, de-soaking, drying, and pulverization, and the crude protein content ranges from 50% to 60%. The squeezed juice is acidified, spray dried or heated to a fish paste. Fish paste can also be produced from fish viscera. The raw materials are hydrolyzed by enzyme, centrifuged, degreased, and hydrolyzed to concentrate into fish paste. The prepared fish paste can be directly sold in barrels, or can be sold by drying or pulverizing starch or bran as a carrier. The latter is called fish juice feed or mixed fish starch, and the nutritional value varies depending on the carrier. In the current processing, there are two methods of degreasing: pressing and leaching. The imported fishmeal is a leaching process. The fresh sea fish caught by the fish is firstly dried and then coarsely pulverized, then extracted with an organic solvent under high temperature and high pressure (also called leaching or degreasing process), and finally finely pulverized. to make. This method is used by fisheries companies in countries such as Peru, Chile and Ecuador to produce fishmeal. Domestic high-quality fishmeal is processed by pressing process or pressing process.
3.2 Processing Process of Low-fat Fish The processing of low-fat fish is the processing of fish and other seafood with low relative body fat content. According to the type of raw materials, it is generally divided into two types: whole fishmeal and miscellaneous fishmeal: whole fishmeal is directly heated and dried for fish with less fat content, and then degreased after losing part of the water. The solid matter is dried for the second time to a moisture content of 18 %, crushed into fish meal. Usually, about 20 kg of fishmeal per 100 kg of whole fish, the crude protein content is about 60%. Miscellaneous fishmeal is a product that directly pulverizes small fish, shrimp, crab, fish head, tail, fin, viscera, etc., also known as dried fish powder, containing crude protein ranging from 45% to 55%; First, salted raw materials are used, then desalted, and then dried and pulverized. This kind of fishmeal is often not completely desalinated (containing more than 10% of salt), and improper use may cause salt poisoning in livestock and poultry.
Activated Carbon has a wide range of applications, such as: decolorization of sugar, military gas masks, cigarette filters, air purifiers, tap water treatment, drinking water purification, detoxification, sobering, pollution control of radioactive elements, reduction of residual pesticides in soil, soil conditioning , Governance indoor formaldehyde, vegetable preservation, and so on. This is mainly because:
The unique pore structure of activated carbon itself
Activated carbon is a type of microcrystalline carbon material that is mainly made of carbonaceous material and has a black appearance, a developed internal pore structure, a large specific surface area, and a strong adsorption capacity. Activated carbon materials have a large number of microscopic pores invisible to the naked eye. One gram of activated carbon material has micropores, and its surface area can be as high as 800-1500 square meters after unrolling, which is even higher for special applications. That is, in a rice grain-sized activated carbon granule, the internal surface area of the micropore may be equivalent to the size of a living room area. It is these highly developed, such as human capillary-like pore structure, so that activated carbon has excellent adsorption properties.
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