Mounting form ladle turret anchor bolts with cyclically alternating impact loads
Improper installation of anchor bolts, such as direct burial without any protective measures, can significantly affect their performance. For steel materials, increasing plasticity often leads to a reduction in toughness, which is critical for preventing brittle failure. In this case, straight-buried anchor bolts were used without any bushings. This not only limits the bolt's ability to withstand stress but also increases the risk of damage during installation. Scratches on the surface of high-strength bolts can create stress concentration points, making them more susceptible to fracture under low-stress conditions. Overall, the primary cause of the brittle failure observed was improper material selection. Additionally, an incorrect heat treatment process and improper installation method further contributed to the likelihood of such failures.
In engineering applications, it's crucial that materials possess a balanced set of mechanical properties—especially a level of toughness that complements their strength. Overemphasizing high strength while neglecting toughness can lead to serious consequences. Numerous real-world examples have shown that many structural failures occurring below the creep temperature are not due to plastic deformation, but rather to brittle fracture at stresses lower than the yield point. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as low-stress brittle fracture.
To achieve a better balance between strength and toughness in engineering design, careful attention must be given to the microstructure of the selected materials. The internal structure directly influences the mechanical behavior of the material. For high-strength steels, a low-carbon martensitic or bainitic structure is typically preferred. It's also important to consider the size effect: larger components and thicker sections tend to have lower toughness compared to smaller, thinner parts. When choosing high-strength steel components, reducing carbon content can help maintain adequate toughness, while alloying elements can provide the necessary strength. Furthermore, for anchor bolts subject to cyclic impact loads, such as those in a ladle turret, using replaceable (live) bolts is recommended for easier maintenance and replacement. Designers should also focus on minimizing stress concentrations by avoiding sharp corners, grooves, and holes in the bolt structure.
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