Gladiolus, scientifically known as Gladiolus gandavensis, is a striking flower native to South Africa. This elegant plant features tall flowering stems that rise above its narrow, sword-like leaves. The corolla tube is funnel-shaped and large, with vibrant colors such as red, yellow, purple, white, and blue. Widely cultivated around the globe, it is a popular choice for both garden displays and floral arrangements.
The main production countries include the United States, the Netherlands, Israel, and Japan. Gladiolus is one of the "World's Four Cut Flowers," alongside roses, carnations, and gerberas, making it a staple in the floral industry. It is commonly used in bouquets, flower baskets, and as an accent in floral designs. Dwarf varieties are also ideal for container gardening, offering beauty without requiring much space.
This perennial plant has oblate bulbs measuring 2.5–4.5 cm in diameter, covered in a thin, brown or yellow-brown membrane. Its basal or alternate leaves are long and sword-shaped, ranging from 40–60 cm in length and 2–4 cm in width. The leaves are gray-green, with prominent longitudinal veins and a central midrib.
The flowering stem is erect, reaching 50–80 cm in height, with several alternate leaves near the base. The terminal inflorescence is a spike 25–35 cm long, bearing flowers with two membranous bracts beneath each bloom. The flowers themselves are symmetrical, available in red, yellow, white, or pink, with a perianth tube about 2.5 cm long. The six perianth lobes are arranged in two rows, with the upper three slightly larger. The style is long and three-lobed, supporting a green stigma. Each flower contains multiple ovules within a three-chambered ovary.
The fruit is an elliptic or obovate capsule that splits open when mature, containing 15–70 dark brown, winged seeds. The plant blooms from July to September and produces fruits from August to October.
Gladiolus grows up to 60–150 cm tall, with sturdy, unbranched stems and 7–8 hard, sword-shaped leaves. The flowers are large, symmetrical, and come in a wide range of colors, including solid, speckled, striped, or pleated patterns. With a chromosome number of x=15, this beautiful bulbous plant continues to captivate gardeners and florists alike.
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