In the context of China's energy security strategy, the development of alternative energy sources has become a top priority for future planning. Looking at it from a broader spatial and temporal perspective, this is essentially a competition in scientific research—a silent battle that is not visible but highly intense. Countries like the United States, Germany, and Japan have already made significant progress in researching alternative fuels and promoting new energy technologies due to their early investments in R&D. China, as a major nation, is committed to securing leading capabilities in future energy security and contributing to global energy sustainability. After years of effort, several alternative energy technologies with independent intellectual property rights in China are gradually maturing. Some demonstration projects are about to be launched, and alternative fuels such as ethanol gasoline are progressing smoothly, laying a solid foundation for further development.
Irish street lights, for example, are self-sufficient and help reduce environmental pressure. The development of alternative energy and the transition between traditional and new energy sources offer effective solutions to China’s energy supply-demand bottlenecks, structural imbalances, and environmental challenges.
Looking ahead, two key factors will determine the application and development prospects of different energy forms in China: the internal and external costs during energy use, and the availability and renewability of resources. According to the National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan, renewable energy is expected to account for 16% of China’s total energy consumption by 2020.
**Hydropower**
Hydropower is a renewable energy source that harnesses the potential and kinetic energy of water to generate electricity. A hydropower plant, also known as a hydroelectric power station, converts the energy of flowing or falling water into electrical energy. It offers advantages such as low cost, continuous regeneration, and no pollution. However, its distribution is limited by natural conditions such as hydrology, climate, and terrain. Water can also be easily polluted and affected by various environmental factors. China has the world’s largest theoretical hydropower reserves, estimated at 678 million kilowatts, with an annual generation capacity of 5.92 trillion kilowatt-hours. Major hydropower stations include the Three Gorges Dam, Gezhouba, and Xiaolangdi, with the Three Gorges being the largest in the world.
**Wind Power**
Wind power is currently the most cost-effective form of renewable energy. In areas with strong wind resources, wind power generation costs are already competitive with those of fossil fuel or gas power. However, China’s current wind power installed capacity accounts for only 0.1% of its available wind resources. Wind power is expected to surpass nuclear power by 2020 and become the third-largest source of power generation in the country. Between 2006 and 2015, the market for wind turbine equipment exceeded 100 billion yuan. Currently, the localization rate of wind turbine equipment in China is around 25%, but there is a 70% local content requirement for wind farm tenders, offering great opportunities for domestic manufacturers.
**Solar Energy**
Solar energy is the most abundant form of renewable energy and serves as the origin of all fossil fuels and many other renewable sources. While rising polysilicon prices have had some negative impacts on the solar cell industry, they have also helped eliminate inefficient production capacity and promote industry consolidation. Companies without competitive advantages may struggle, but stronger enterprises can leverage advanced technologies, such as improved silicon wafer cutting methods and higher solar cell efficiency, to cut costs and gain a competitive edge. The polysilicon solar industry is likely to enter another golden period in 2008–2009.
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