In the context of China's energy security strategy, the development of alternative energy sources has become a top priority for future planning. From a broader spatial and temporal perspective, this is essentially a competition in scientific research—a battle without visible smoke. Countries like the United States, Germany, and Japan have already made significant progress in researching alternative fuels and promoting new energy sources due to early investments in R&D. For China, pursuing core technologies remains a key and enduring goal. As a large nation, China aims to secure leadership in future energy security and contribute to global energy sustainability. After years of effort, several alternative energy technologies with independent intellectual property rights have matured, and some demonstration projects are about to be launched. Alternative fuels such as ethanol gasoline are progressing smoothly, laying a solid foundation for further development.
Irish street lights, for example, are self-sufficient and help reduce environmental pressure. The development of alternative energy and the transition between traditional and new energy sources offer effective solutions to China’s energy supply and demand bottlenecks, as well as structural imbalances and environmental challenges.
Looking ahead, two key factors will determine the application and development prospects of different energy forms in China’s future energy consumption pattern: the internal and external costs during energy use, and the availability of reserves along with their renewability. According to the Outline of the National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan, renewable energy is expected to account for 16% of China’s total energy consumption by 2020.
**Hydropower** is one of the most important renewable energy sources. It involves using the potential and kinetic energy of water to generate electricity. Hydropower plants, also known as hydroelectric stations, have advantages such as low cost, continuous regeneration, and no pollution. However, their distribution depends on natural conditions like hydrology, climate, and terrain. Water resources can also be affected by pollution and geographical factors. China has the world's largest theoretical hydropower resources, with an estimated 678 million kilowatts and an annual power generation capacity of 5.92 trillion kilowatt-hours. Notable projects include the Three Gorges Dam, Gezhouba, and Xiaolangdi, with the Three Gorges being the largest hydropower station globally.
**Wind power** is currently the most cost-effective form of renewable energy. In areas with good wind conditions, wind power generation is already competitive with fuel or gas-based power. However, China's current wind power installed capacity accounts for only 0.1% of its available wind resources. Wind power is expected to surpass nuclear power by 2020 and become the third-largest source of power in the country. Between 2006 and 2015, the wind turbine market grew to over 100 billion yuan. Currently, the localization rate of wind turbine equipment in China is only 25%, but there is a 70% localization requirement for wind farm tenders, offering significant opportunities for local manufacturers.
**Solar energy** is the most abundant form of renewable energy and serves as the source of all fossil fuels and other renewables. While rising polysilicon prices have had mixed effects on the solar industry, they have also forced less competitive manufacturers out of the market, reducing price wars and accelerating industry consolidation. Stronger companies have been able to cut costs through advanced technologies, such as improved silicon wafer cutting and higher solar cell efficiency, maintaining their competitiveness. The polysilicon solar industry is likely to experience a period of rapid growth again in 2008–2009.
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