Electrodialysis engineering typically involves several process flows tailored to different applications. Here's a detailed overview of common configurations:
1. **Brackish Water Desalination and Groundwater Defluorination**:
The process begins with raw water, which is first passed through a 101 filter to remove large particulates. It then goes through a precision filter to eliminate smaller impurities before entering the electrodialysis unit, where ions are separated using an electric field. Afterward, the water is filtered through a hollow fiber ultrafilter to ensure clarity and undergoes UV sterilization for microbial control, resulting in high-quality product water.
2. **Production of Pure Drinking Water and Space Water**:
Starting with raw water, the system includes mechanical filters to trap sediments, followed by activated carbon filters to remove organic compounds and chlorine. A precision filter further refines the water, after which it passes through electrodialysis units. Ion exchange resins (cation, anion, and hybrid) are used to remove dissolved ions. The final stages involve hollow fiber ultrafiltration, UV sterilization, and ozone disinfection to ensure the water is safe, clean, and suitable for consumption or space applications.
3. **Pharmaceutical Injection Preparation**:
For pharmaceutical-grade water, the process starts with activated carbon filtration to remove organics and chlorine, followed by precision filtration. The water then enters electrodialysis units, where ion removal is enhanced. Subsequent steps include cation and anion exchange, as well as a mixed bed ion exchanger to achieve ultra-pure water. Finally, the water is processed through a multi-effect distiller to produce injection-grade water, meeting strict pharmaceutical standards.
4. **Industrial Applications (Fertilizer and Machinery Industries)**:
Raw water is initially treated with a mechanical filter to remove large particles, followed by a precision filter for finer impurities. Electrodialysis is then used to reduce salinity and remove ions. A cation exchanger, degassing tower, and anion exchanger complete the treatment. Ozone is recommended for disinfection due to its effectiveness and lack of residual chemicals, ensuring that the final product water meets industrial requirements without leaving harmful residues.
Each process flow is designed to meet specific quality standards, ensuring optimal performance and safety for various end uses.
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