In the process of using **pesticides**, farmers are not only concerned about the effectiveness of the products but also highly worried about **phytotoxicity**—a condition where the chemicals harm the crops themselves. The following is an analysis of the phytotoxic effects of commonly used pesticides on various crops, aimed at helping farmers avoid economic losses caused by crop damage.
**Mancozeb (Desen Manganese Zinc)**
This compound is sensitive to crops such as tobacco, cucurbits, and certain types of pears. Small pear fruits may develop fruit spots, while high concentrations can cause leaf edge necrosis in rice. It should be used cautiously on edamame, lychee, and grape fruits.
**Chlorothalonil (Bordeaux Mixture)**
High concentrations can cause phytotoxicity on pear trees, persimmons, peaches, and plums. Apple trees should not be treated within 20 days after flowering. Crops like potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and melons are particularly sensitive to copper ions. Peach, plum, apricot, and Chinese pear trees are especially vulnerable, and spraying during wet or rainy weather increases the risk. Grapevines are sensitive to lime, so when lime concentration exceeds recommended levels, they may suffer from phytotoxicity. Pears are sensitive to copper, and it’s important to adjust lime use accordingly. Spraying Bordeaux mixture after hawthorn or apple bloom can worsen fruit rust, so it's best applied later in the growing season.
**Benomyl (Carbendazim)**
It can be mixed with most fungicides but should not be combined with copper-based preparations. Use it only when necessary.
**Thymol (Spring Thymidine)**
Soybeans and alfalfa show slight sensitivity, so caution is needed when applying near these crops.
**Oxycarboxin (Spring Thunder Oxygen Chloride Copper)**
Young leaves of apples, grapes, soybeans, and alfalfa are prone to curling and brown spots. Apply this product after 4 PM to reduce damage.
**Sulfur**
Cucumbers, soybeans, potatoes, plums, and pears are particularly sensitive to sulfur.
**Lime Sulfur Mixture**
Peaches, plums, pears, grapes, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, onions, ginger, melons, and cucumbers are all sensitive. Young grape, peach, pear, and plum plants are especially vulnerable, so it's best to apply this during the dormant season. Avoid using it during the growing or flowering periods, as it can cause phytotoxicity to kiwifruit, grapes, cucumbers, and legume flowers.
**Resin Mixture (æ¾è„‚æ··åˆç‰©)**
Deciduous fruit trees are very sensitive to this product, and it should not be used during the summer growing season. Persimmon trees are also susceptible, and citrus trees are unsafe during spring and summer. If used, it should be done in the early morning or late evening.
**Pine Oil Mixture**
This is also highly toxic to deciduous fruit trees and should be avoided during the summer growth period.
**Diniconazole (Moldenergy)**
Pears are particularly sensitive, often leading to leaf browning. Use with care.
**Fenpropidin (Malignant)**
It should not be mixed with strong acid agents. At a 100 times dilution, it may cause mild phytotoxicity to wheat, so careful application is required.
**Fenthion (稻丰散)**
Certain varieties of peaches, grapes, figs, and apples are prone to phytotoxicity when exposed to this pesticide.
**Sodium Pentachlorophenate**
Mainly used for clearing gardens, it becomes toxic after plant sprouting, so timing is crucial.
**2,4-D Butyl Ester & Diquat (Dimethyltetrachloride)**
All fruit trees are sensitive to these herbicides. They should be used carefully to avoid damaging nearby crops.
**Glyphosate**
A non-selective herbicide that can harm all fruit tree species. Spraying under apricot trees, for example, may lead to phytotoxicity, so it should be avoided.
**Thiophanate-methyl (Tebuconazole)**
Kiwifruit is sensitive and should be avoided. It can be mixed with various pesticides, including alkaline agents, but not with copper-based products. High concentrations of polysulfide suspensions can cause sunburn on citrus trees during hot weather.
**Prochloraz (Retain)**
Peaches, plums, and tea plants are more sensitive, especially peach trees. Use with caution.
**Zinc Oxide (Zinc Oxide)**
May cause minor phytotoxicity on cucumbers.
**Fluoxastrobin**
Some pear varieties, especially Dangshan pears, are very sensitive during the early fruit stage (before May), so it should not be used during this time.
**Oxathiapiprol (Oxazol)**
Not suitable for cabbage, mustard, cucumber, or tomato seedlings.
**Propiconazole**
Can reduce seedling rates and cause rigid growth in young plants. It may also burn young fruits. Best used in mid to late growth stages. It is sensitive to melons, grapes, strawberries, and tobacco, so avoid its use in these crops.
**Arsenic Preparations**
Certain stone fruit, citrus, and pear varieties are not compatible. Fumei arsenic is only safe to use during the dormant period of fruit trees, not during the growing season.
**Triadimefon (Triazolone)**
Not suitable for cabbage, beans, mustard, cucumber, or tomato seedlings.
**Copper Fungicides**
These can cause phytotoxicity in peaches and plums.
**Copper Hydroxide**
Sensitive to peaches, plums, pears, apples, and persimmons.
**Cuprous Oxide**
Fruit trees are especially vulnerable during flowering and young fruiting stages.
The above information has been compiled based on common pesticide usage and their potential phytotoxic effects. By understanding these risks, farmers can make informed decisions to protect their crops and minimize economic losses. Always follow label instructions and consider environmental conditions before application.
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