The furniture of the Qing Dynasty was renowned for its opulence and intricate craftsmanship, surpassing that of any other dynasty. To achieve a sense of grandeur and luxury, artisans employed a wide range of materials and techniques, combining them in innovative ways. This fusion of methods gave rise to the distinctive "Qing style," characterized by its rich ornamentation and artistic sophistication.
Furniture from this period emphasized magnificence, using various art forms to create an atmosphere of wealth and splendor. It was a true masterpiece of decorative art, unmatched in its complexity and beauty.
**Mosaic Inlay**
Mosaic inlay played a significant role in Qing Dynasty furniture, offering a more vibrant and eye-catching appearance than carving alone. A wide array of materials were used, including wood, ivory, stone, porcelain, Luodian (a type of mother-of-pearl), as well as precious stones like amber, agate, coral, and gemstones. These materials created striking visual effects with their bright colors. Examples include rosewood inlaid with birch, master chairs adorned with pastel porcelain screens, and rosewood chairs embedded with jade or enamel. The variety of inlaid furniture was extensive, ranging from screens to basin racks, each showcasing the skill and creativity of the craftsmen.
Luodian inlay flourished during the Qing Dynasty, especially under Emperor Qianlong. It came in two types: hard Luodian, used on hardwood, and soft Luodian, applied to lacquered surfaces. The thin slices of Luodian were considered the pinnacle of inlay work, offering a refined and elegant finish.
Treasure inlay, developed in Yangzhou during the late Ming Dynasty, reached new heights in the Qing era. It combined materials such as Luodian, agate, gold, silver, ivory, and turquoise to create intricate designs. One famous example is the high basin at the Palace Museum, which features a complex mix of materials arranged in a tribute map pattern.
Bone inlay became popular during the Qianlong period, particularly in Ningbo. There were three main types: high inlay, flat inlay, and mixed inlay. The technique involved precise craftsmanship, ensuring durability and longevity. Even after centuries, the patterns remain intact, demonstrating the mastery of the artisans.
**Carving**
Openwork carving was a favorite technique in Qing furniture, often seen on chair backs, table tops, and panels. It created a light and airy effect, allowing the design to stand out. Relief carving was also common, sometimes used alongside openwork. By the mid-Qing period, carvings reached their peak, with some pieces completely covered in detailed patterns. However, this overemphasis on decoration sometimes led to the neglect of structural rationality and practical function.
Openwork involved cutting out the background to leave only the desired pattern, while relief added depth and dimension to the design.
**Painting**
Gold painting and traditional painting were widely used in Qing furniture. Many color illustrations and texts show examples like Zhuqi-painted drum stools, carved cabinets, and red sandalwood furniture with gold accents. Applying gold paint to painted furniture was a signature technique of the era. Regions like Liuyang in Hunan, Guangdong, and Shanxi produced exquisite lacquerware, known for their fine craftsmanship and artistic value.
Different painting techniques were used, including gold lacquer, silver lacquer, vermilion lacquer, and black lacquer, creating a vivid and colorful display.
**Other Techniques and Combinations**
Beyond carving, inlay, and painting, the Qing Dynasty furniture also featured yellow sticking, filigree, and enamel work. These techniques were often combined, resulting in highly ornate designs. For instance, openwork and relief might be used together, or color painting could be paired with gold leaf. On dark red sandalwood or polished lacquer surfaces, multiple decorative elements were applied—such as inlays of shells, gems, or gilded paintings—creating a dazzling and radiant effect that was truly breathtaking. (Editor: Peter)
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