In summer, high temperatures can negatively impact the growth and development of crops, leading to heat damage. To mitigate these effects, several preventive measures should be implemented:
1. **Cooling with Water**: During hot weather, timely irrigation helps improve the microclimate in the field and reduces temperature by 1°C to 3°C. This minimizes direct damage from high temperatures on flowers and photosynthetic organs. Spraying cool water directly onto crop stems and leaves using a sprinkler or sprayer also provides a cooling effect, typically lowering the temperature by about 1°C.
2. **Artificial Pollination Assistance**: In high-temperature and dry conditions, natural pollination for cross-pollinated crops like corn and sorghum may decrease. Implementing artificial pollination can reduce the negative impact of heat on the pollination and fertilization process, increasing the fruit setting rate by 5% to 8% compared to natural pollination.
3. **Top Dressing**: During the hot season, foliar spraying with solutions such as urea, human urine, pig urine, cow manure, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, superphosphate, or grass ash leachate can help both cool and humidify the environment while supplying essential nutrients for crop growth. It is important to adjust the concentration appropriately and increase water usage to avoid leaf burn.
4. **Enhanced Management**: Proper management of water and fertilizer during hot periods can improve plant nutrition and enhance their ability to withstand high temperatures. For example, sweet peppers sprayed with a 30ppm solution of p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid can help control flower drop caused by heat. Tomatoes treated with a 2000–3000ppm B9 solution, or 0.1% zinc sulfate or copper sulfate, can improve heat resistance, reduce fruit cracking, and prevent sunburn. Applying 2.4-D to flowers or using it as a dip can help prevent flower drop and promote ovary enlargement. In plastic greenhouses, covering with shade nets in summer can lower temperatures by 4°C to 6°C, protecting crops from rain, hail, and pests.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage the challenges posed by high summer temperatures and ensure better crop health and yield.
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